With most cases, you might have attributes are set as required and immutable in your user pool. You can use the CLI describe-user-pool to see the configuration information of the user pool.

This could be the cause why you are seeing that error as Cognito is unable to update them with the new values. When you create a user through Cognito console, the UI doesn’t give you options to input these values. Thereafter, when the user sign-in and tries to update the password along with these missing attributes, an error is being thrown from the service since these attributes are immutable.    

In order to resolve the issue, you need to create a user with these required attributes values (eg, using CLI admin-create-user) and then try to change the password. Or you could create a new user pool and make sure these required attributes are mutable and can be updated.